El vidrio es uno de los materiales de construcción más sostenibles. Su versatilidad permite que la arquitectura ecológica pueda utilizarlo directamente o reciclándolo como ingrediente para la fabricación de baldosas y materiales de recubrimiento de distintas superficies.
En efecto, además de ser considerado un material de construcción eco-amigable, nuevos inventos han permitido multiplicar sus beneficios verdes en otros ámbitos. En este post vamos a ver cuatro innovaciones que pueden hacer una gran diferencia mediante su transformación.
Continuamente surgen nuevas iniciativas para sacar un mayor partido del vidrio. Algunas de ellas son ya una realidad, y lo cierto es que resultan sorprendentes. Conozcamos cuatro inventos que han convertido el vidrio en una opción aún más verde.
Un vidrio casi irrompible
¿Imaginas un vidrio casi tan fuerte como el acero? No es necesario imaginarlo, simplemente porque es una realidad. Acaban de inventarlo unos investigadores japoneses.
Su resistencia es tal que puede afirmarse que es irrompible. Están esperando comercializar la técnica en un futuro próximo. Hacerlo significará una durabilidad del vidrio nunca vista. Es decir, se conviertiría en una opción todavía más ecológica.
También ampliaría sus aplicaciones, pues colocar ese vidrio sería sinónimo de levantar un muro. Más todavía, en realidad, pues su resistencia superaría a la de una pared convencional. Además, tendría otros muchos usos, y en principio le ven futuro como endurecedor de los cristales parabrisas.
O, por ejemplo, las pantallas de los dispositivos móviles como tabletas digitales o teléfonos inteligentes. Más allá del mundo de la electrónica, si los costes se abaratan, pueden tener un gran futuro como material de construcción.
La sustancia que consigue el milagro es la alúmina, un óxido de aluminio, mezclado con dióxido de silicio. Su gran logro ha sido conseguir hacerlo realidad, tras infinidad de intentos fallidos. Para estos investigadores de la Universidad de Tokio no hubo problemas de adherencias a las paredes de los contenedores al sintetizar los componentes químicos en el aire.
Mejorar el rendimiento de los paneles solares
Mejorar el rendimiento de las células solares es uno de los grandes desafíos que la ciencia no abandona. Aunque esta vez todo surgió por pura casualidad, un equipo de científicos estadounidenses ha creado un nuevo tipo de vidrio que podría tener mil y un usos, entre ellos mejorar la eficiencia de las placas solares.
El hallazgo fue una gran sorpresa. Haciendo experimentos ópticos con vapor de vidrio lograron crear este revolucionario vidrio. Se formó tras superponer varias capas delgadas de vapor de moléculas orgánicas. Resultado: un prometedor material que podría mejorar el rendimiento de aparatos electrónicos, diodos emidores de luz LED y las mencionadas células solares.
El tercer invento ha sido resultado del trabajo conjunto de la empresa Tecnalia y la Universidad de Cantabria en el proyecto Sunglass, donde han desarrollado un nuevo vidrio pensado para aumentar la eficiencia de los sistemas fotoviltaicos.
Su objetivo es potenciar la energía renovable en el sector de la construcción. Su meta es superar el 15 por ciento del rendimiento actual medio de los paneles actuales.
Curiosamente, el modo de lograrlo no es mejorando el material semiconductor para aprovechar más el espectro solar. Su enfoque se basa en la “conversión de frecuencias” producida en un vidrio recubierto con unos compuestos fotoactivos. O, lo que es lo mismo se fundamenta en la absorción de fotones de ciertas frecuencias para, después, emitir otro rango de frecuencias.
Su implementación en el vidrio que recubre los paneles solares conseguiría una mayor capacidad de absorber la radiación de alta frecuencia. De este modo, se emitiría a rangos más efectivos, con lo que aumentaría su eficiencia hasta un 3 por ciento.
Contra el calor y la radiación
Un cuarto tipo de vidrio, esta vez diseñado en forma de sandwich. Su espesor obedece a la colocación estratégica en su interior de polivinil butiral (PVB) y polietilentereftalato (PET) bloquear la radiación y el calor solar sin que merme luminosidad.
Al intercalar estos compuestos (las láminas de butiral envuelven un film) se consigue filtrar parte de los infrarrojos sin impedir la transmisión de la luz.
Su aplicación en fachadas que son completamente de vidrio puede suponer un ahorro en aire acondicionado muy importante, tan interesante a nivel económico como ecológico. Es obvio, por otra parte, que en lugares fríos no convendría su aplicación.
Baldosas de vidrio reciclado
El vidrio reciclado es un material cada vez más utilizado en la construcción. Por lo general, se utiliza tras un reciclaje repetido para otros usos que requieren de una materia prima en mejor estado.
Cuando se considera no apto para otro tipo de reutilización, el vidrio admite un procesado muy interesante para fabricar baldosas u otro tipo de recubrimiento. Eso sí, el vidrio debería ser de procedencia local para poderse considerar realmente eco-amigable y, por lo demás, como puede verse en las imágenes, el efecto es similar al terrazo e incluso al mármol.
La empresa Dexterra ha desarrollado este procedimiento con el uso de un aglutinante de cemento patentado, sometiendo el resultado a un pulido final que le proporciona su característico brillo.
¿Pero, es totalmente ecológico? Lo es en términos comparativos. Si bien se utiliza cemento y energía para su elaboración, ésta podría proceder de fuentes renovables. Y, en todo caso, se necesita poca para su elaboración. En definitiva, la huella de carbono no es gravosa.
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